1.Ubude beFocal of Optical Systems
Ubude befocal buyinkomba ebaluleke kakhulu yesistimu yokubona, ngomqondo wobude bokugxila, sinokuqonda okuningi noma okuncane, sibuyekeza lapha.
Ubude bokugxila besistimu yokubona, obuchazwa njengebanga ukusuka enkabeni yokubona yesistimu yokubona kuya lapho kugxilwe khona ibhimu lapho isigameko sokukhanya okuhambisanayo, isilinganiso sokugxiliswa noma ukwehlukana kokukhanya kusistimu yokubona. Sisebenzisa umdwebo olandelayo ukukhombisa lo mqondo.
Emfanekisweni ongenhla, isigameko se-parallel beam kusukela ekugcineni kwesobunxele, ngemva kokudlula kusistimu yokubona, iguqulela ku-focus yesithombe F', umugqa wokuhlehla wokunwebeka we-ray eguquguqukayo uphambana nomugqa wokunweba ohambisanayo womugqa wesigameko ohambisanayo ku-a. iphuzu, futhi indawo edlula leli phuzu futhi i-perpendicular ku-axis optical ibizwa ngokuthi indiza eyinhloko yangemuva, indiza eyinhloko yangemuva ihlangana ne-optical axis endaweni ye-P2, ebizwa ngokuthi iphuzu eliyinhloko (noma iphuzu lesikhungo se-optical), ibanga eliphakathi kwephuzu eliyinhloko nokugxilwa kwesithombe, yilokho esivame ukukubiza ngokuthi ubude bokugxila, igama eligcwele ubude bokugxila obusebenzayo besithombe.
Kungase futhi kubonakale emfanekisweni ukuthi ibanga ukusuka endaweni yokugcina yesistimu yokubona kuya endaweni okugxilwe kuyo F' yesithombe libizwa ngokuthi i-back focal length (BFL). Ngokuhambisanayo, uma i-parallel beam iyisigameko esivela ohlangothini lwesokudla, kukhona futhi imiqondo yobude befocal obusebenzayo kanye nobude befocal yangaphambili (FFL).
2. Izindlela Zokuhlola Ubude obugxile
Empeleni, ziningi izindlela ezingasetshenziswa ukuhlola ubude obugxilile bezinhlelo ze-optical system. Ngokusekelwe emigomeni eyahlukene, izindlela zokuhlola ubude obugxilile zingahlukaniswa zibe izigaba ezintathu. Isigaba sokuqala sisekelwe endaweni yendiza yesithombe, isigaba sesibili sisebenzisa ubudlelwano phakathi kokukhulisa nobude bokugxila ukuze kutholwe inani lobude obugxilile, futhi isigaba sesithathu sisebenzisa ijika eligobile le-wavefront yokukhanya okuguquguqukayo ukuze kutholwe inani lobude obugxilile. .
Kulesi sigaba, sizokwethula izindlela ezivame ukusetshenziswa zokuhlola ubude obugxilwe bezinhlelo zokubona::
2.1CIndlela ye-olimator
Umgomo wokusebenzisa i-collimator ukuhlola ubude bokugxila kwesistimu yokubona njengoba kukhonjisiwe kumdwebo ongezansi:
Emfanekisweni, iphethini yokuhlola ibekwe ekugxilweni kwe-collimator. Ubude y bephethini yokuhlola kanye nobude bokugxila fc' ye-collimator ziyaziwa. Ngemuva kokuthi i-parallel beam ekhishwe i-collimator ihlanganiswe isistimu yokubona ehloliwe futhi yathwetshulwa endizeni yesithombe, ubude bokugxila besistimu yokubona bungabalwa ngokusekelwe kubude obungu-y' bephethini yokuhlola endizeni yesithombe. Ubude bokugxila besistimu yokubona ehloliwe bungasebenzisa ifomula elandelayo:
2.2 I-GaussianMindlela
Isibalo esihleliwe sendlela ye-Gaussian yokuhlola ubude bokugxilile besistimu yokubona iboniswa ngezansi:
Emfanekisweni, izindiza eziyinhloko zangaphambili nangemuva zesistimu yokubona ezihlolwayo zimelelwa njengo-P no-P' ngokulandelana, futhi ibanga phakathi kwezindiza ezimbili eziyinhloko ngu-d.P. Kule ndlela, inani le-dPkubhekwa njengokwaziwa, noma inani laso lilincane futhi lingashaywa indiva. Into nesikrini esamukelayo kubekwa ekugcineni kwesobunxele nakwesokudla, futhi ibanga eliphakathi kwakho lirekhodwa njengo-L, lapho u-L edinga ukuba mkhulu ngokuphindwe ka-4 ubude bokugxila besistimu ngaphansi kokuhlolwa. Uhlelo olungaphansi kokuhlolwa lungabekwa ezindaweni ezimbili, ezikhonjiswe njengesikhundla 1 kanye nendawo yesi-2 ngokulandelanayo. Into engakwesokunxele ingaboniswa ngokucacile esikrinini esamukelayo. Ibanga eliphakathi kwalezi zindawo ezimbili (elichazwa ngokuthi D) lingalinganiswa. Ngokusho kobudlelwane be-conjugate, singathola:
Kulezi zindawo ezimbili, amabanga ezinto arekhodwa njengo-s1 no-s2 ngokulandelanayo, bese kuba ngu-s2 - s1 = D. Ngokuphuma kwefomula, singathola ubude bokugxila besistimu yokubona njengoba ngezansi:
2.3Li-ensometer
I-Lensometer ifaneleka kakhulu ekuhloleni amasistimu okubona ubude obugxile ekugxilweni kwawo. Isibalo saso esihleliwe simi kanje:
Okokuqala, i-lens ngaphansi kokuhlolwa ayibekwa endleleni ye-optical. Ithagethi ebhekiwe ngakwesobunxele idlula ilensi eshayisanayo futhi iba ukukhanya okuhambisanayo. Ukukhanya okuhambisanayo kuhlanganiswe ilensi eguqukayo enobude obugxilile obungu-f2futhi yakhe isithombe esicacile endizeni yesithombe esiyisithenjwa. Ngemva kokuba indlela yokubona isilinganiselwe, ilensi engaphansi kokuhlolwa ifakwa endleleni yokubona, futhi ibanga phakathi kwelensi engaphansi kokuhlolwa kanye nelensi eguqukayo ngu-f.2. Ngenxa yalokho, ngenxa yesenzo se-lens ngaphansi kokuhlolwa, i-beam yokukhanya izophinde igxilwe, ibangele ukushintsha endaweni yendiza yesithombe, okuholela esithombeni esicacile endaweni yendiza yesithombe esisha kumdwebo. Ibanga phakathi kwendiza yesithombe esisha kanye nelensi eguqukayo ichazwa ngokuthi x. Ngokusekelwe ebudlelwaneni bento nesithombe, ubude bokugxila belensi ngaphansi kokuhlolwa bungachazwa ngokuthi:
Empeleni, i-lensometer isetshenziswe kabanzi esilinganisweni esiphezulu sokugxila kwamalensi okubuka, futhi inezinzuzo zokusebenza okulula nokunemba okuthembekile.
2.4 AbeRi-efractometer
I-Abbe refractometer ingenye indlela yokuhlola ubude bokugxila bezinhlelo zokubona. Isibalo saso esihleliwe simi kanje:
Beka amarula amabili anobude obuhlukile ohlangothini lwento yelensi ngaphansi kokuhlolwa, okuyi-scaleplate 1 kanye ne-scaleplate 2. Ubude be-scaleplate obuhambisanayo ngu-y1 kanye no-y2. Ibanga phakathi kwama-scaleplates amabili ngu-e, futhi i-engeli phakathi komugqa ophezulu werula kanye ne-eksisi yokubona ngu-u. I-scaleplated ifanekiselwa ilensi ehloliwe enobude bokugxila okungu-f. Isibonakhulu sifakwe ekugcineni kwesithombe. Ngokuhambisa isikhundla se-microscope, izithombe eziphezulu ze-scaleplates ezimbili zitholakala. Ngalesi sikhathi, ibanga eliphakathi kwe-microscope ne-optical axis lichazwa ngokuthi y. Ngokuya ngobudlelwane bento nesithombe, singathola ubude bokugxila njengokuthi:
2.5 I-Moire DeflectometryIndlela
Indlela ye-Moiré deflectometry izosebenzisa amasethi amabili ezinqumo ze-Ronchi emisebe yokukhanya ehambisanayo. Ukubusa kwe-Ronchi kuyiphethini efana negridi yefilimu ye-chromium yensimbi efakwe ku-substrate yengilazi, evame ukusetshenziselwa ukuhlola ukusebenza kwamasistimu okubona. Indlela isebenzisa uguquko kuma-Moiré fringe olwenziwa ama-grating amabili ukuhlola ubude bokugxila besistimu yokubona. Umdwebo wohlelo lomgomo umi kanje:
Emfanekisweni ongenhla, into ebonwayo, ngemva kokudlula ku-collimator, iba ugongolo oluhambisanayo. Endleleni ye-optical, ngaphandle kokwengeza ilensi ehloliwe kuqala, i-parallel beam idlula ama-grating amabili nge-engeli yokugudluka engu-θ kanye ne-grating spacing ka-d, yakhe isethi yama-Moiré fringe endizeni yesithombe. Khona-ke, i-lens ehloliwe ifakwa endleleni ye-optical. Ukukhanya kwangempela okuhlanganisiwe, ngemva kokuphikiswa ngelensi, kuzokhiqiza ubude obuthile bokugxila. I-curvature radius ye-beam yokukhanya ingatholakala kufomula elandelayo:
Ngokuvamile i-lens engaphansi kokuhlolwa ibekwa eduze kakhulu ne-grating yokuqala, ngakho-ke inani lika-R kufomula engenhla lihambisana nobude bokugxila belensi. Inzuzo yale ndlela ukuthi ingahlola ubude bokugxila bezinhlelo zobude bokugxila obuphozithivu nezingezinhle.
2.6 I-OpticalFiberAutocollimationMindlela
Umgomo wokusebenzisa indlela ye-fiber optical autocollimation ukuze uhlole ubude be-focal yelensi uboniswa emfanekisweni ongezansi. Isebenzisa i-fiber optics ukuze ikhiphe i-beam ehlukanisiwe edlula ilensi ehlolwayo bese ingena esibukweni sendiza. Izindlela ezintathu zokubona emfanekisweni zimelela izimo zefiber optical ngaphakathi kokugxilile, ngaphakathi kokugxilile, nangaphandle kokugxilile ngokulandelanayo. Ngokuhambisa indawo yelensi ngaphansi kokuhlolwa uye phambili naphambili, ungathola indawo yekhanda lefiber lapho kugxilwe khona. Ngalesi sikhathi, i-beam i-self-collimated, futhi ngemva kokuboniswa yisibuko sendiza, amandla amaningi azobuyela endaweni yekhanda le-fiber. Indlela ilula ngokomthetho futhi kulula ukuyisebenzisa.
3.Isiphetho
Ubude befocal ipharamitha ebalulekile yesistimu yokubona. Kulesi sihloko, sichaza kabanzi ngomqondo wobude be-optical system focal nezindlela zayo zokuhlola. Kuhlanganiswe nomdwebo wohlelo, sichaza incazelo yobude obugxilile, okufaka phakathi imiqondo yobude bokugxila ohlangothini lwesithombe, ubude befocal ohlangothini lwento, nobude bokugxila phambili kuya emuva. Empeleni, ziningi izindlela zokuhlola ubude bokugxila besistimu yokubona. Lesi sihloko sethula izimiso zokuhlola zendlela ye-collimator, indlela ye-Gaussian, indlela yokulinganisa ubude obugxilile, indlela yokulinganisa ubude obugxilile ye-Abbe, indlela yokuphambuka ye-Moiré, kanye nendlela ye-optical fibre autocollimation. Ngikholwa ukuthi ngokufunda lesi sihloko, uzoba nokuqonda okungcono kwamapharamitha wobude obugxile kumasistimu okubona.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Aug-09-2024
